Multicultural+Literature

**Exceptional Learners**
//**Joey Pigza Swallowed the Key**// **by Jack Gantos (Kimber, Maeve, Tara, Amanda and Adam)**Joey Pigza isn't all bad, he's just a little too wired. After several incidents at school lead him to being threatened with a special education school, is it possible that he can learn to calm down without leaving? After cutting a girl's nose off, Joey is sent to a special education school and given different medications until, finally, he calms down and is able to settle himself enough to go back to his old school. The characters in this story are very believable and ones the students can easily relate to, because they are people they could encounter in their everyday life. The author does a good job of writing Joey's story from his perspective, making it more accurate and authentic. Details such as incidents that Joey experiences - for example, sharpening his finger in the pencil sharpener or swallowing his house key - provide vivid descriptions for the readers. The plot of the story - Joey trying to control his behavior and get re-accepted his old school - is something that many students could relate to and could encounter in their everyday lives. There is no stereotyping that is not necessary. Others look at people with disabilities as trouble and the author portrays that in //Joey Pigza Swallowed the Key//. This book would be a good addition to a classroom library to teach students about exceptionalities in their peers in an enjoyable way. It also would be a good pleasure read for students who are slow to embrace chapter books, because even though it is a longer book it is extremely enjoyable. It educates readers about ADHD and the effects it has or could have on their peers or themselves.

Young Catherine is the main character in this novel, who not only has to deal with the everyday struggles of a preteen, but also the struggles of having a brother who has autism. However, she quickly learns that not all of her experiences have to be a struggle. The book depicts her daily routine that makes life with David slightly easier, and it also introduces a new friendship that Catherine finds in a young boy named Jason. Through this new found friendship, along with other attempts at forming relationships with others her age, Catherine learns what is important in life and with David. We feel that this story shares a unique perspective with readers because it is told through the eyes of a child whose sibling has a disablity. The quality of this story is very well written. It is interesting and engaging to readers.The characters are all fully developed, the setting is constructed with many details, and the plot is fully developed. Others view of people with disabilities is accurate because it is told from a sibling's perspectived. However, we never see the point of view of the actual child with the __disability__. Catherine is portrayed multidimensionally because you see her in a variety of settings and interacting with many people including David, Jason, Kristi and her parents. For the most part we feel that the author avoided stereotypes but not in all cases. For example; Catherine and David's parents are presented with somewhat opposite personalities that could fall under the stereotype of parents with children with disabilities. The voice of this story is accurate because Catherine is the narrator and she is an "insider" to the story. The relationships between her and David and between her and Jason are accurate.The expertise of the author is accurate because she has 2 sons, one with Autism. David is based off of her son with Autism so the experiences that are described in the book are very true. She has an in depth, personal connection to someone with this disability therefore the traits she describes are realistic.We didn't believe there was much background information and the scenery was poorly set. The author tells us it's summer but we know nothing else about the environment. It was also disspointing that we did not get an insight to what happened to David or Jason during therapy, it would have been beneficial to our learning if we knew some of the tactics to help children with these types of diabilities. Cythia Lord does an excellent job of reflecting on the disability of autism. With her background of the disability, it really makes the reader understand the book even more. The language Lord uses is current and also makes the book even more enjoyable. One thing thats recomended is that you research "Cythia Lord" before reading to get a better grasp of her history with autism because it will make the book much more interesting.
 * Rules** **by Cynthia Lord (Samantha Meyer, Erin O'Donnell, Maria Nesmith, Lauren Gibson, Matt Ribblett**)

//**Building Wings: How I Made it Through School**// **by Don Johnston (Jane, Megan, Lacey, Mary, Jessica S)** Building Wings: How I Made It Through School is a story about Don Johnston and his successful journey through school with a learning disability. To reach success he had to first face struggle. He had memorable teachers that both supported and hurt his academic growth. He faced bullies and disbelievers but he found the ways he learned best. Johnston teaches an important lesson that we all learn differently and that everyone needs to figure out how they learn. Don Johnston is someone whose life is of interest to young readers because he tells his story about how he learns and became successful which is a common goal for many young readers. Johnston says, "I'll tell you what happened to me. My stories may sound different from your stories, but I bet that are really the same stories in many ways." Many young readers can identify with Don Johnston and some of the other characters in Building Wings. A reader who may be having trouble learning, is feeling different than others in school, is being bullied, or maybe is even bullying can all identify with characters in Building Wings and learn from their experiences. All of the information in Building Wings is accurate and authentic because the author is telling his own story. He writes in a way that is easy to read and engages the reader. Using large print and short sentences, he writes in a way that a reader who learns similar to himself would be able to follow along and have the same experience reading the story as a more competent reader. In the story Don Johnston introduces many ways he found in school that help him learn best and this book provides the same support for young readers who may struggle with their own reading. Don Johnston has created a company that creates learning material for learners with intellectual disabilities. The author is belittled and called names such as "dumb" throughout the story but he stands up for himself and makes sure to portray the message that he just learns differently and is just like everyone else. The illustrations throughout the story also represent the experiences of Don Johnston. Throughout the story Don Johnston is bullied by both his peers and his teachers. I think this aspect does not reflect current dynamics and understandings of students with learning disabilities. However, Don Johnston has created a company that creates learning material for learners with intellectual disabilities which shows his understanding for how all students learn.

//**The View From Saturday**// **by E.L. Konigsburg (Casey, Jessica, Danielle, Alex, Ryan, Jenn)** This is a story about a group of sixth graders, who are members of a academic team. This group entitles themselves The Souls. Each member of the team has their own story making them unique, however, each of them are also connected which also makes the story in itself unique. This group of sixth graders not only has a one of a kind team and story, but they also have a one of a kind teacher. The teacher Mrs. Olinski, is missing something in her life aside from being a paraplegic, and little does she know that Noah, Nadia, Ethan, and Julian will __help__ her find what is missing and help them overcome obstacles as well. The story is well written, although it is slightly confusing. The author writes from the perspectives of many children and skips around a lot. E.L. Konigsburg portrays many different lessons and gives readers a chance to think about their issues in their own lives and how one would overcome these. The characters resemble real people in our world. The statement "it's a small world" comes to mind. This book definitely fits this statement because all of these children have a way of being a part of each other's personal lives. This book avoided stereotyping and labeling, the student were not picked on or placed in a specific category based on their exceptional ways of learning. Person first language was used. The exceptionality of the children was not clearly stated. Konigsburg was a teacher and had children of her own. She taught science, and when she wrote her books she used the observations she took from her former students to inspire them. Therefore, she is an educated individual who has seem students first hand and knows what she is talking about. The copyright date was 1998. Views on __disabilities__ and exceptionalities have changed greatly since 1998. Now they have many programs for students with exceptionalities. Each of the students are challenged to use their exceptionalities by going up against eighth graders when they are in sixth grade. We thought that this book showed gifted students in a gifted way because it gave them a positive outlet to show how smart they are. Although this book was slightly confusing to follow, the end cleared it all up by linking everyone in a way that made sense to the reader. We could use this in classroom by showing our students that connections can be made with anyone and you just have to look further than you originally expected.

The quality of this book was very appropriate for the age level and is detailed, interesting and engaging. It is easily read because it is written at a child's point of view which makes it easier for a child to read and relate to. The terminology can be easily understood by a child. It was accurate for the most part when terminology about disabilities were used. They use slang when talking about the disability which makes it easily understood and relatable to a child. Also, it is not so much scientific terminology but it conveys the message well. Heidi's mother does not have many opportunities to get disrespected because she doesn't leave the house often. Heidi and Bernie do say "bum brain" which can be viewed as derogatory by some. They treat her as an individual and let her do things for herself. The book does not mention her being disrespected in public places when she does go out. The author portrays the lifestyle of the characters as genuine and accurate as well as the relationship between the characters. We are unaware if she has any prior background on intellectual disabilities. The knowledge that she does has is intertwined well throughout the book. It is all a mystery, so she does not include details about the intellectual disability. The book is written close to the current year. It reflects current dynamics to the most part. This book, is a very well written story that fits under all of the literacy standards. All of the characters resemble real world people. The main characters Heidi can be very relatable to children because she is normal girl and has no mental or physical differences from others. But, she deals with a lot of differences that other children might not be able to relate to such as her mothers disability and Bernie's fear. Although those children who do read this story might be able to really relate and see themselves through Heidi due to the fact that she has a disabled mother. Heidi's mother definitely resembles a real world person. There are many people in this world who cant speak or read. She is a great mother to the extent of her ability, and that shines through. Bernie, is also resembles a real life person. She is a wonderful lady who helps take care of Heidi and her mother. There are many people in this world like her. She is kind, helping, and trustworthy which makes her very realistic. The events are very plausible. Anything that happened in this book could definitely happen in real life. The events that occurred such as Bernie taking care of the mother and daughter could happen as well as So Be It's disability occurs to people in the real world. Heidi's drive to get her questions answered and how she goes about it is very realistic and anyone can do what she did. The plot resolution is very believable. It was not contrived to end in a certain way.
 * //So B. It// by Sarah Weeks (Marissa Masterson, Kacie Roberts, Tiffany Murphey, Shana Martin, Tara Esposito)**

**//Sahara Special// by Esme Raji Codell (Erin D, Katie S, Caitlin S, Brooke G, and Cheri R)** This book is about a girl, Sahara, who is held back in the fifth grade because her mother does not want her to participate in the special needs class anymore. With the help of the new fifth grade teacher, Miss Pointy, Sahara learns to open up and express herself while at the same time sharing her talents with the rest of her peers. This story is well-written with a good voice, allowing the reader to become engaged in the plot without any trouble following along. The author describes learning disabilities in an accurate way, and she showed that everyone in the story had strengths and weaknesses. There were no stereotypes used, and Codell depicted Sahara in a more complex way, showing that not all learning disabilities are the same. She tells the story from a first person perspective, portraying herself as Sahara. Being Sahara in this story comes with many trials, challenges, and decisions that most young adults would never face. Codell does a wonderful job keeping this story very authentic and believable.Esme Raji Codell was a teacher before she was an author, so she used her background knowledge and her credibility to better describe Sahara's struggles. The information in the story is current because it was written in 2003, and the terminology that she uses does not conflict with the terminology used today.

**African American Literature**
This book is about the life of Barack Obama from his childhood to his presidency. We see him go through his struggle of finding his identity in his multiracial background, and how he overcomes his uncertainty and uses his background as a source of confidence. Obama's culture is portrayed multidimensionally, because you see his confusion between his differing ethnicities and how he continually views them from different perspectives. The cultures are naturally integrated through the story of Obama's life. The details of his life are accurate and in depth. The book provides information about his life and his views and thoughts. As teachers, we would read this book to our classroom, and then have our students write a response about what they think makes a good president and what qualities they should possess.
 * //Barack Obama: Son of Promise, Child of Hope//** by Nikki Grimes (Caitlin Schwatka and Brooke Gery)

This book is based on the true story of Henry "Box" Brown, a slave who literally mailed himself to freedom in a wooden crate after his wife and children were sold. Like many stories of the underground railroad, the slave experiences cruel punishment and isolation from his family as part of his servitude. With the help of an abolitionist, a plan is devised for Henry to travel to Philadelphia from Virginia enclosed in crate. When he arrives in Philadelphia, he declares this day his "birthday" as he feels reborn as a free man. Both the story and pictures depict an authentic portrayal of what life was like for slaves and the lengths many would go to to escape to freedom. Vivid illustrations portray the characters as they may have looked, dressed, and lived during this time period in history. Cultural details such as how slave families were broken apart and often sold off to different masters and the benevolent efforts of abolitionists to help them escape are naturally integrated in the story; because this story is based on a true story, it is important that the author stay as close to the original documentation of Henry's journey as possible. It seems as if Levine has done so with few embellishments. This book would be an excellent addition to a text set on the Civil War, the Underground Railroad, or to share during Black History Month.
 * //Henry's Freedom Box: A True Story of the Underground Railroad// by Ellen Levine (Dr. Evering)**

//**Rosa**// **by Nikki Giovanni (Casey Lindstrom and Jessica Lynch)** This book is based on Rosa Park's story about segregation. It tells the story about how after a long day of work Rosa refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. It then goes on to tell about how she got arrested, which led to people boycotting the bus systems. The pictures go along with the story very well and depict the lives of Rosa Parks and other black people during the time period. It shows the struggle of black people and the differences between the rights of white and black people. The words and language that was used in the story are authentic to the time period. For example, MLK Jr. and the words that Rosa’s neighbors and friends spoke when she was in jail are authentic language used in the book.

**//Show Way //**** by Jacqueline Woodson (Katie Swiatek and Erin Dixon) ** This book is the story of Jacqueline Woodson's ancestors and gives an overview of the history of civil rights. It begins at the time of slavery and ends in modern times. The book presents authentic perspectives because the author is telling the true story of her family history, and the book is historically accurate. The culture is portrayed multidimensionally - all the characters were unique and there were no stereotypes. Since the story is about the author's family, cultural details are naturally integrated. The language was authentic, and words and phrases that are unique to the African American culture (such as "jumping the broom" and "girl-child") were used. This would be a great book to use when teaching about civil rights or during African American history month.


 * //Salt in His Shoes// by Deloris Jordan with Roslyn Jordan Illustrated by Kadir Nelson (Lacey Hohl and Jane Woodside)**

This book is a story about Michael Jordan’s childhood and the struggles he faced growing up dealing with basketball. He was always the smallest one and he wanted to grow more than anything he had ever wanted. His family is very supportive and you can see that through this story. The author and illustrator present authentic perspectives and are not stereotypical for this cultural group. The illustrations stay true to the time period portrayed. The clothing the characters wear is also portrayed well for the time period. The book does not really show an in depth view of the culture through the text. The images are not stereotypical. The author does an excellent job of making sure the reader can understand the story easily through the text, it is very straightforward. This story is accurate to the message being sent through the text because the mom and sister are who wrote the story. The dialogue was accurate to the cultural group. Words like “mama” were used which is typical for the cultural group. We enjoyed reading this book and believe children would feel the same way. The students could write and draw a dream that they have and could make a plan to reach the goal.

//**Let Them Play**// **by Margot Theis Raven (Marissa Masterson, Kacie Roberts)** This book is based on an African American Little League baseball team from the southern region of the United States. It follows the team as they struggle with racism affecting their playing other baseball teams. The team wins berth to the Little League World Series in Williamsport by default, but the league still does not let them play in the World Series games because they did not play games to earn their spot. The author uses an insider voice and the illustrations are accurate for the time period they represent. It is multidimensional because even though the kids could not play any games, they proved their worth to the crowd during the warm-up time they were allowed. Cultural details were naturally integrated in that it discussed the foods that the players and their families eat as well as information about the Jim Crow laws of the South of separate but equal. The author researched this true story and got accurate information about the World Series and the baseball team. There isn't much dialogue throughout the story, but what is present appears to be authentic. Students could respond through a free-response or a prompt journal. The targeted audience of readers is about the same age as the players in the book and the students could write about how they would have felt in the players' position. This book would be an excellent addition to a Black History Month collection or a baseball book collection for spring.

This book was about a group of African Americans who wanted to eat at a diner but were not allowed to be served. Therefore, in order to earn their right, they participated in sit-ins at the diner and protested. The author and illustrator definitely present authentic perspective. The story was told through the little girls point of view and what she was seeing her brothers, his friends, and people eventually in general do. This helped with the perspective because the girl was seeing firsthand what was going on. The culture is presented multidimensionally through the details in the story, such as the African Americans not being able to sit at the counter of the diner. The cultural details of the story are naturally integrated, because the point of the story is about the sit-ins and having the details is necessary to understand the plot. The details are accurate. In the book, there was a section explaining what really happened in the past proving that it was true. The language was used authentically. The event the story is based on happened in the south, so the dialogue in the story reflected the slang used. As a teacher, we could this as a history lesson. You could tie in art or drama by doing something like a readers theater where the children in the classroom will reenact the story through a African American's point of view and a Caucasian's point of view.
 * Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-ins by Carole Boston Weatherford (Tiffany Murphey, Shana Martin)**

The story "Martin's Big Words" was a children's book written as a reflection of the life of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The illustrations in this book are very detailed and are true to the time period portrayed. This story discusses the feelings the people of this time had towards Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It is talked about throughout the story what his words and actions did for the people of the United States during this time. The African American culture is portrayed multi-dimensionally in the story because the reader can easily understand the segregation issue that occurred in the U.S. and the fight for equal rights and freedom by African Americans. during the beginning of the story segregation is talked about and presented to the reader and by the end of the story segregation has been abolished. this allows the reader to view both sides of the unequal rights issue. the book explains segregation in an easy way for children to understand so that a further explanation is unneeded. The book is good for children because it allows them to understand that blacks were once inferior to whites but leaves out the graphic details of the events. The story itself is written in a more modern tone than the time period that is being written about and how dialect in the south is. Although the story is written in a more up to date way, it provides quotes throughout the book by Martin Luther King. Overall this story was both educational and interesting. It would be a good book to use in the classroom to present a lesson on Martin Luther King and also segregation. It could also be used to teach children that we are all equal now no matter what you look like.
 * Martin's Big Words-The Life of Martin Luther King Jr. by Doreen Rappaport(Jessica Scranton, Danielle Rilo)**

This book contained poems describing the point of views of slavery. The Author and illustrator present authentic perspective by maintaining an insiders mindset and point of view of different accounts during slavery. The poems offer an understanding of the cultural account as well as supplemental information that aids readers who are uninformed of the culture. The illustrations complement the text well.All the characters displayed have a wide array of physical characteristics that represent the culture in a variety of ways. The poems are somewhat multidimensional because the illustrations depict different attitudes during slavery, but the slaves are solely depicted as African Americans. The topics range from freedom, to education. Details throughout the poems are naturally integrated. Each poem is writing in an authentic manor and contains foot note that further with further explanation. The context is elaborated and they provide in depth knowledge on the background of the poems. These details accurately portray slavery, and most importantly, they accurately portray the point of view of a slave during the time. The language of this book is authentic. They are written with an African "slang". We felt as if the authors accent was portrayed through the language. This is an indication of her level of education. The collection is balanced. There is a range of poems addressing topics from education, hardships, free time and creativity. The poems took multiple perspectives into account.
 * I Lay My Stitches Down - Poems of American Slavery By Cynthia Grady Illustrated by Michele Wood (Mary Ward, Megan Bernhard)**

This story is about the frightening, risky life of slaves who attempt to gain freedom by entering the Underground Railroad. The protagonist character is Harriet Tubman, and the story depicts her journey to freedom. No matter the terrain or the harsh obstacles, Harriet pushes forward with the guidance and support from her religious faith. Once she makes it to the north, and to freedom, Harriet decides that she wants to share her faith and courage with other slaves that are attempting to gain freedom. The perspectives of this tail are told authentically by displaying the various situations and feelings that Harriet must deal with. A transformation of Harriet's character is also seen by the readers. Throughout this transformation, the book shows details in both avenues of Harriet's life. For example, the story shows the struggles of being a slave, the dangers of being a runaway, and the courage she gains once she is free. The cultural details are integrated through the story as well as the pictures. The details are accurate and the interpretation is current because the story remains that same as in other books. It simply is giving another perspective, rather than changing the details of her journey. The book also provides readers with a few pages that give background knowledge about Harriet and the Underground Railroad. The language throughout the story is also presented authentically. Through Harriet's speech, and through the speech presented from her religious faith, the reader's gain an appropriate look into how those people may have spoke and how they expressed their emotions.
 * Moses, When Harriet Tubman Led her People to Freedom by Carole Boston Weatherford (Erin O'Donnell, Lauren Gibson)**

The book //Teammates// is a true story about Jackie Robinson being recruited into the Brooklyn Dodgers as "The Experiment.” The story tells of a young African American being discriminated against because of his race and the trials he would face on an all white Major League Baseball team. The illustrator, Paul Bacon, uses an authentic perspective to display the story by using real newspaper articles, baseball cards, and TV reports that were from the late 1940's. By looking at the cover of the book, it does not portray what the theme or plot of the story would be about. //Teammates// is a multidimensional book that shows the struggle of an African American man trying to find his place in a sport that is dominated by all white men. The book shows the effort Jackie Robinson put into overcoming racism and pursue his dream. The book portrays accurate details of his effort to overcome segregation and become the first African American Major League Baseball player. Although, being from a African American point of view, there is no cultural dialect used. We could use this book in the classroom by teaching the effects of segregation. The classroom could be separated into white and African American sections, such as different water fountains, bathrooms, parts of the playground, and stations in the classroom. Half of the students can be in the "A" group and the other half can be in the "B" group; giving them a firsthand perspective of segregation. The next day in class, have the students switch groups so that they can experience each of the groups and the perspective of both.
 * //Teammates// by Peter Golenbock (Cheri and Alex)**


 * Bill Pickett Rodeo- Ridin' Cowboy Written by Andrea D. Pinkney Illustrated by Brian Pinkney ( Amanda Delegram, Adam Rosensteel)**

This story is based on the life and accomplishments of Rodeo-Ridin' Bill Pickett. As a small child Bill discovered that could wrestle a steer to the ground by biting it's upper lip as bull dogs did. He soon became very well known for this talent. He later married and had several children. Bill continued to work the rodeo circuit and became the most popular African American cowboy in the Old West. Both the story and the pictures do a great job at depicting an authentic betrayal of his life and what it would have been like in the Old West. You really get a sense of the culture and get a taste of the lingo used. The story really makes you feel a part of the time period. The author really stayed true to detail and kept Bill's story as authentic as possible. I believe the author was able to do so with very few embellishments. This story would be a great addition to any classroom library and would teach students a lot about Bill's story and western culture, specifically the Old West. This book would be a great for any multicultural unit or during Black History Month.

This book is about a young African American girl, that gets placed in an all white school. She is the first African American student to have the opportunity to go to a better school to learn. The white community does not support this decision and starts to boycott sending their kids to school. They set up barriers in front of the school each day to try to block her from getting in to go to class. Even the parents stand out front and yell things at her as she goes by. The government officials were called in to guard her and help her get safely into the building. She is the only girl in class for weeks at a time. One day as Ruby is walking into school, she suddenly stops right in the middle of the yelling and hatred. Her teacher watches from the window as she see ms to be talking to the protestors. When she leaves the crowd and goes into school, her teacher asks why she had stopped and talked to the awful people. Ruby replies " I was not talking to them, I was praying for them. They don't know what they are doing, and I pray that God forgives them for these acts of hatred." Eventually, Ruby is joined by white students whose parents have given up on the fight against African American children in their school. As the weeks go on she is joined by all of her fellow classmates, white and African American. The book is authentic because if portrays perspectives from both sides of the struggle. If offers viewpoints from everyone involved. The culture is multidimensional because it shows everything in a none biased way. Details are accurate because it is a true story and cannot be changed. We would use it as an African American history month book or even to show a girl heroine.
 * The Story of Ruby Bridges by Robert Coles (Maeve Wilson and Kimber Carnahan)**

This book is about a young Martin Luther King, Jr. It tells the story of Martin Luther King, Jr growing up with his family and friends around him. The author and illustrator of the story present authentic perspectives because they portray the way that segregation occurred in an accurate and informative way. It is multidimensional in they way that the black culture is portrayed and how segregation is an issue. It focuses on several aspects of the black culture. The book is also not multidimensional because it only focuses on Martin Luther King, Jr. instead of everyone else and is very one dimensional. The cultural details that are portrayed in this book are integrated in a natural way and it seemed as though the author had no struggle including those details. The cultural details are accurate but the interpretation is not very current because segregation is not a major issue nowadays. The language used by the author in this story is used authentically. A way to use this literature in the classroom would be have your students discuss what it would be like being in the life of a black person at the same time period that the book portrays.
 * //My Brother Martin// by Christine King Farris Illustrated by Chris Soentpiet (Jenn Jackson & Ryan Rainey)**

The author and illustrator present authentic perspectives. The pictures were all taken during the time period and implemented into this book. It portrays both sides of the conflict of the segregation of schools and how each one reacted. The story flowed and used little description. The pictures were able to tell the story with little need for words. The pictures were photographs which represent what was going on during this time. The author used ideas that were apparent during this time period. The terminology follows the actions to a certain point. Some of the thoughts the people have in this story depict what people during this time were thinking. They are a bit too extensive for little children but consist of the same ideas. A reader's theatre would be a good way to represent this book. Each child will be chosen as an A for African American or a C for Caucasion. They, together as a group, will act out how it was during the time this book portrays and then how it is now. This will show how society has evolved.
 * //Remember// by Toni Morrison (TaraLynne & Matthew Ribblett)**

**Asian and Asian American**
The author and illustrator present authentic perspectives of the girl and her family who run a Chinese market while fourth of July celebrations are going on down the street. The family lives in America but is not participating in the 4th of July celebrations because they must run the market. I think that this forms a sterotype that the Chinese family is separated from the American celebrations. There are many cultural details integrated into he story such as the parade and fourth of July celebrations, popular Chinese foods, and different cultures. I think the details are very accurate through out this story. Many accurate aspects of fourth of July celebrations are iclused. Also the customes in the Chinese market are from all different backgrouds which is common is Chinese resturants The language in this story is simplistic and authentic. In the classroom I would use this book to introduce a lesson involving food around the world or family traditions for different holidays and celebrations. Students could bring in a food dish and the class could "travel the world" and taste and learn about the different food, and i**t**'s history in the family.
 * Apple Pin 4th of July by Janet S. Wong (Megan Bernhard)**

This book is bases on a young woman named Masako "May" as she prefers to be called and her experience of having to leave the only home she has ever known and return to her native country Japan with her family who has become home sick and wishes to leave the United States. May is completely unhappy with this decision she many dreams such as going to college and living in San Francisco. She goes with her family as expected and returns to Japan. Her family consistently meddles in her personal life trying to arrange a marriage for her and expecting her to fallow Japanese tradition. She chooses to leave her family after being in Japan for a short amount of time and planned to go back to the states. She takes the bus to a near by city and decides to stay there and gets a job and her own place and is doing fairly well for herself. She meets a guy she eventually marries who has the same outlook on life as she does. Both the story and the pictures do an amazing job at depicting an accurate description of what life would be like for an Asian American. The illustrations portray the characters and settings very well and are very realistic. They are very authentic in a cultural aspect and give you a great look into the way this culture lives. The story also gives you a lot of knowledge of Japanese tradition and even give you some incite as to what is not acceptable in their culture. This story is a great source to inform students about Japanese culture with very a lot of really true information. This would be a great addition to any multicultural unit that you are doing in your classroom.
 * Tea with Milk by Allen Say ( Amanda Delegram)**

This book was about a girl named Masako, her nickname was "May." She is Japanese but she has lived in the United States as long as she can remember and this is the only home she really has ever known. Her parents become very homesick and want to move back to Japan so they force May to go even though she has no desire to whatsoever. She already had plans to go to college and live in San Francisco but all of this changed when she was forced to leave the United States. She was very unhappy with her parents decision and when she went back to Japan she had to learn the language because all she knew was English so this was very hard for her. Her parents also tried to arrange a marriage for her and make her live up to their expectations and Japanese customs but May did not want this type of life so she decided to leave her family and go back to the United States. When she takes a bus to a nearby city in Japan she likes what she sees and decides to get a job there forgetting about going to the United States she settles here instead. She meets a guy who she likes right away and they end up getting married and living in Yokohama together. They end up having a child together and they talk Japanese to her but the husband and wife talk to each other in English. I think the pictures go along very well with the text and depict what Japan may really look like. I believe this book would be a great addition to any multicultural book collection. This would also be a great way to inform students of different cultures without getting into too much detail but eniugh to give them an idea and learn something new.
 * Tea with Milk by Allen Say (Tara Esposito)**

The Korean Cinderella ia a folklore that follows the story of Cinderella, a western fairytale. This version puts a spin on the story though by changing the characters and not having the main character losing her glass slipper at the ball. Although the stories are somewhat different, the author and illustrator both presented authentic perspectives. the illustrator used bold colors and the characters that she drew looked authentic, while the author used Korean vocabulary throughout the story to bring the language to life. The story does not exhibit any stereotyping, and the Korean culture is naturally integrated throughout the book. The details of the story are accurate because the plot seems to be along the same line as the western version of the story, and the interpretation is up to the reader to determine. As I mentioned before, the language is authentic, and the author uses it in a way that allows the reader to understand the words' meanings through context and by supplying an english definition. This story could be used in a classroom and then the children could find other versions of Cinderella as well as other fairytales to compare and contrast.
 * //The Korean Cinderella// by Shirley Climo and illustrated by Ruth Heller** (Erin Dixon)

Henry and the Kite Dragon is a story about a boy named Henry who lives in Chinatown. There is a man who lives near him who makes beautiful kites, which he learned to make when he lived in China. Every time Henry and his friends make a kite, the Italian boys from Little Italy destroy it with rocks. Henry and his friends, along with the old man, must figure out how to make a beautiful kite that even the Italian boys will enjoy. This story was a very cute story, and was told with different perspectives of the Chinese children and the Italian children. The illustrations were bold and colorful, depicting the kites in a beautiful way, as well as making the characters come to life. There is no stereotyping in the story, and the culture seems to be naturally integrated throughout the short story. The language is plain English, and there are no Chinese words in the story. This could be placed in a classroom to learn about differences between cultures as well as just other students, and could also be a lesson on Chinese culture and kite making.
 * //Henry and the Kite Dragon// by Bruce Edward Hall and illustrated by William Low** (Kimber Carnahan)

**Latino/Latin**
This book was an interesting read. The illustrations were bright and colorful. It is about a Rebozo, an article of clothing used in Mexican culture. Each page shows a different way the Rebozo can be used. While doing this, the book presents different aspects of their culture, like the use of pinatas, the way of dance, and how mothers carry their infants. The material is shown in a multidimensional way because it presents their way of life, through simple explainations about the Rebozo and through the illustrations. I believe this book would be a great way to introduce the Spanish culture to children because of the factual and accurate information. In the back of the book, is an informational paragragh about the uses and importance of the Rebozo. I would bring a Rebozo into the classroom and have my students try to act out the different pages of the book.
 * What Can You Do with a Rebozo by Carmen Tafolla (Brooke Gery)**

Too many Tamales by Gary Soto was a fun read. The author talks about the making of tamales in this story. He shows the family getting together and making memories by doing family and cultural traditions. The author and also the illustrator present authentic perspectives in this story. They do an excellent job of showing pictures of what is happening in the story. The picture always match the text. The pictures show the individuals and what they look like and also the tamales, which is a dish that is popular in this particular culture. I believe the culture is portrayed in a multidimensional way because it shows their way of culture and food they would make for a family get together. The cultural details are naturally integrated into the story. It starts at the very beginning talking about the tamales. I think the details are accurate and the interpretation is current. Tamales are still very popular as well as family gatherings. The language is used authentically in this story. The tamales, which the story is centered around is a Spanish word. As well as the words; masa, niña, and names such as Maria and Delores. I think this would be a great book to use to represent the Latino culture.
 * //Too Many Tamales// by Gary Soto ( Lacey Hohl)**

If the Shoe Fits was a very good read especially for children who have older siblings or are the youngest in their families. The young boy in the book is tired of always receiving his older brothers hand-me-down clothes. One year for his birthday he received a brand new pair of shoes. They were penny loafers and he was told to put a penny in them. When the school bully saw these new shoes he made fun of him badly. So the little boy took off his new shoes and did not wear them again. He then got invited to a party, this was the first party he had ever been invited to so he wanted to look his best. He looked through his closet and saw the new shoes that he had only worn once, but when he went to put them on they were way too small. This was very upsetting. So he decided to give the shoes to his uncle and be more appreciative of the things you do have, and not care so much what other people think. It is very typical for children of this heritage to come from large families, and sometimes low money. There were Spanish words used in this story too. This helped broaden the language for the reader.
 * //If the Shoe Fits// by Gary Soto (Casey Lindstrom)**

//Moon Rope// book is the story of a fox and a mole who try to get to the moon by making a rope to climb to the moon. The perspectives in this book are unique and authentic. The culture is not really shown multidimensionally in this book. It is a Peruvian folktale and does not show the culture. The only reason why I would say that it is multidimensional is because there is Spanish translations on the pages. The only cultural detail integrated into the story is the version of the story in Spanish and the cultural art on the pages. The details seem to be accurate, but due to the fact that it is a folktale, we will never know. I do not speak Spanish, so I personally do not know if the interpretation of this folktale is correct or not. The language is used authentically throughout the translation of the story from English to Spanish.
 * //Moon Rope// by Lois Ehlert (Jenn Jackson)**

Chato's Kitchen was a humorous approach to introducing different Hispanic foods, and simple Spanish words. Two cats invited a families of mice to dinner and the book showed the process of preparing Spanish dishes. The cats described the process of making fajitas, frijoles, salsa, enchiladas, and more while using Spanish words to describe the different elements and ingredients used in making these items. The cats are very surprised when the mice bring an unexpected guest to dinner along with them. I know some spanish, so i recognized the easy words that they described the food with, so I know that is accurate. The language is used authentically and was correct. I believe this interpretation is current because Mexican food is becoming more well known especially around America and many children have tried it, or can relate to the ingredients used. This is a good way to broaden children'd horizons to different foods, you can use this book as a lesson then show them how you would prepare these dishes in the class. Along with this lesson you can introduce simple spanish words.
 * Chato's Kitchen by Gary Soto (Lauren Gibson)**

**Native American**
//**Navajo Visions and Voices Across the Mesa**// **by Shonto Begay (Marissa Masterson)** This book is a poem book about the Navajo life. The author of this is also the illustrator. He presented a very authentic perspective due to the fact that he wrote the poems based on his childhood. He lived through the events that he put into his poems. The pictures that go along with each poems are realistic and not stereotypical at all. The culture is portrayed multidimensionally because the poems are on different topics within the Navajo life. The poems show different ways this culture does things and their experiences. The cultural details are integrated throughout all the poems. The author makes a lot of connections with his culture and his life. For example, He includes his family members in the poems. The details and interpretation is somewhat current. The book was written over a decade ago but were based on how life was like for the Navajo's in the 50's and 60's. The language in the book is very authentic. There are many Navajo words that are included that a normal reader would not know. They are all italicized which makes it easier for a reader to pick up them and their meanings. As a teacher, I would use this book when introducing different ways of life and cultures that the students may not know about. I would have my students write a poem on a topic of their life and have them include family words that other students may not be familiar with.

//**A Book to Begin on Indian Children of America**// by Margaret C. Farquhar and illustrated by Brinton Turkle (Shana Martin) This book is an informative book about Indians that is explained in terms easily understood by children. The author and illustrator present authentic perspectives by showing the reader visuals and informative text to get a better understanding. However, the illustrations were not vivid because it only used blue and black for color. Furthermore, the culture is portrayed multi-dimensionally by showing the reader Native American experiences in depth from the houses they live in to they acquire their food. The cultural details are naturally integrated because it is able to use some of an explanation to increase a reader’s understanding. However, the book doesn’t increase empathy for a reader because there is not a conflict that effects their emotions. Moreover, the details of the book are accurate however it is not updated. The book was published in 1964 therefore the interpretations are not current. The language is used authentically because the dialect spoken by the characters portray the kinds of interactions that are typical between them. For example, when the Indians were hunting they communicated with each other about what they were hunting for and where they planned to wait. Furthermore, the collection is balanced because I was able to easily find a collection of Native American stories form storybooks to chapter books. However, stores do not seem to have the collection. As a future teacher, I would use this book in the classroom and have my students respond to it by completion of a project such as drawing a teepee or a pueblo, bring in Indian food for a food day, and so forth.

//**The Birchbark House**// **by Louise Erdrich (Jessica Lynch)** This book is a book about the Ojibwa tribe. It goes through every season showing the joys and perils of Omakayas family. It informs readers about how Omakayas family builds a birchbark house every summer and then moves to a log house every winter. The author and illustrator shows the reader what is most important by drawing the pictures of it. The author shows cultural details by explaining what Omakayas does even though she is just a child. The author writes about how she works by helping her grandma, her dad, and the rest of her family at different times of the year, all the while still being able to act like a child. The information about their living habits is explained all throughout the story without covering up the actual story line. The language that is used in the book is very authentic. She includes a glossary in the back of the book in order for readers to know exactly what they are reading. At the library I went to, they didn’t have a very good collection of Native American books. As a teacher I would make sure that the students have an option of choosing a Native American book. As an activity for my class, I would have the children draw a picture of their favorite scene in the book and write why they chose it.

This book is about a group of Native Americans who fight against a train, thinking it is an enemy. In the beginning of the book, it gives a little history on the event the book is based on. This book gives an authentic perspective through it's pictures and the point of view in which the story is written. I would say the culture isn't completed portrayed multidimensionally. There is a little bit by showing what the Native Americans went through with the confusion of the train, but it doesn't show the depth of the culture. Cultural details are definitely naturally integrated. Because the story is about the death of the "iron horse", you get the details of the event through the storyline and dialogue. The details are accurate. There is the exerpt in the front of the text to show what the story is about. I don't think the interpretation is current because the copyright date is 1987. The language in the book seemed authentic. The dialogue was simple like the language was when the event happened. As a teacher, I would use this as a history lesson. Because of the events being real and the pictures being a great visual, it would be a good book to use for the children to understand what happened.
 * Death of the Iron Horse by Paul Goble (Tiffany Murphey)**

**Other Cultural Groups**
This book is about a family who's relatives come to visit them from West Virginia. The family explains how different the relatives from Virginia are. The also explain how they do different things. The relatives were very helpful to the family in the garden. The family learns to love their relatives from Virginia and can't wait to go and visit them. The author illustrates authentic perspectives because they tell how the family from Virginia are seeing different things and how they start thinking about how stuff is done at home. Anyone in a new place would do that. The culture is portrayed multidemensionally. This isn't exactly stated, but you can notice this by how different the cultures are in the story between the family and the relatives from Virginia. The cultures are naturally integrated, because the things that are grown in Virginia compared to where are family is are present. Also the fact that the family from Virginia didn't mind not sleeping in beds is another way culture is integrated. The difference in clothes as well. The details are accurate due to the difference in clothes, their car, and how different things from other places are grown. The details about the clothes and car are not up do date. People have similar cars now and clothes that people wear from Virginia also tend to be similar.Language is used authentically due to the use of the words ice chest and soda pop. For an activity I would have students explain what it is like to meet with family from other parts of the country or world if they have relatives from other areas. If not, I would have the students describe the differences that they thing would appear from a person of a place of their choice.
 * The Relatives Came** by Cynthia Rylant (Ryan Rainey)

This book is about a girl Ana who lives with her family on an Amish farm. the book explains how the family makes their living and how they celebrate holidays. The author and illustrator present authentic perspectives. The culture is expressed through the vivid pictures. The pictures show the clothing and the different culture that the Amish has. The book explains how the Amish lives and the pictures enhance the learning. The book is showed multidimensional. It shows the characters in different settings throughout the year. It shows how they interact in school and on the family farm. The culture is taught through the flow of the story. It is filled with cultural details and is explained for students to understand because it is spoken through the voice of a little girl. The details are very accurate. It shows how the Amish really dressed and how they live their everyday lives. The language is used authentically. It is spoken through Ana the daughter and what her family does throughout a year. For an activity i would have my students write a response to what they thought and learned from the book. They also can state what they know about the Amish and if they even had any encounters with them.
 * An Amish Year** by Richard Ammon and illustrated by Pamela Patrick (Maria Nesmith)

//Grandma's Latkes// is told by a Jewish grandmother's perspective. She tells the story of Hanukkah and the purpose of the eight candles, one lit for each day. While cooking a preparing the Latkes, the grandmother asks her granddaughter if she knows the story of Hanukkah. So, as they prepare they discuss the history and war in Israel. The story describes the fight of the MaCabees and the importance of the war and winning the war for the Jews. It does not give any inclination of stereotyping or using any language that would portray a bias or stereotyping.The details are very accurate and age appropriate. They are simple and easy to read and understand. Druker uses authentic language to tell the story. The illustrations are depicted to be old and worn, giving you the "grandmother" home feeling. As a teacher, I would have the children describe a heritage that they have at home. Also, have the children bring in a recipe that is a tradition in their home, like Latkes. Have the children explain where that tradition came from in their family and the importance, if any, in history. As a whole, we can also look at other books from other cultures describing their traditions and have the children respond.
 * Grandma's Latkes** by Malka Drucker, Illustrated by Eve Chwast (Cheri Ragland)

//Mrs. Katz and Tush// is told by a young boy who lives in the same apartment complex as an older Jewish woman. This woman, Mrs. Katz, is a widow who lives alone on the same floor as the young boy. As a result of a cat who had kittens in the basement of the apartment complex, the young boy finds a cat who can give Mrs. Katz some companionship. Through the journey and experiences of raising a kitten, along with the help of the young boy, Mrs. Katz finds a friendship that turns into an inseparable bond between a boy, a cat, and an old widow. The author presents all aspects of this story in an authentic manner. Patricia Polacco is of the Jewish heritage, therefore her experiences and her writings are authentic. The illustrator makes sure that the pictures are also authentic because they are not formed with any prejudices or bias. The culture is not only portrayed authentically, but also multidimensionally. It gives readers an in-depth look at the experiences and traditions that are within that particular culture. The images do depict some sort of stereotyping through the physical characteristics. As well as multidimensionally and authentically, the story is also naturally integrated because of all of the details that it provides. The details present the opportunity for the readers to gain a greater understanding of the culture. They are accurate and true to the particular situation in which it is presented. The language is used authentically whenever the dialogue is through Mrs. Katz. An activity stretcher for this story would be a more in-depth study of Poland, and the various holidays that are discussed in the story.
 * Mrs. Katz and Tush** by Patricia Polacco (Erin O'Donnell)

This book is about a biracial black and white family. The father is white and the mother is black. It talks about how yes, their skin colors are different, but they both do the same kinds of things and love their children just the same. The author seems like he knows what he is talking about. He does not stereotype black or white people and the dialogue seems authentic. The culture is portrayed multidimensionally because each parent, black and white, is shown doing all sorts of things. The black mother chops fire wood, cooks corn, and cooks chicken legs. The white father chops wood, cooks corn, and cooks hamburgers. The family is a cohesive unit. There really isn't any need for cultural details in the story. Because the theme is that a biracial family is the same as any other family, cultural references are not included. Details are accurate and the interpretation is correct because this is not based on any one person. However, it seems like it could be about the author's family or prior experiences. He definitely seems to know what he is talking about. Language is used authentically in that there is no slang (from any culture) except for different words for mother and father. There is no language used that is particularly one culture or another. I would use this in my classroom to show a type of family that is not considered "normal" and have the students write a story about their families to share with the class.
 * //Black is Brown is Tan// by Arnold Adoff (Kacie Roberts)**

//**Molly Bannaky**// **by Alice McGill (Matt Ribblett)** This book is about a dairy maid who ends up earning her freedom. Its about determination, love, and family. The author does very well when trying to make "molly" authentic. The illustrations really sell the story to the reader with the facial expressions and detail to the scenes that are being depicted. Mcgill describes in detail how the dairy maid Molly lives her life and what she goes through during her journey. Its also portrayed multidimensionally through the two different culture groups. With a white dairy maid given her freedom after seven years of bondage, marrying an African American slave. This shows that you should not stereotype different cultures and that no matter your background love is love and friendship is friendship no matter your skin color. The journey of Molleyt Bannaky runs very unbalanced by going to the gallows, to becoming free and getting married to a slave. The author does an amazing job keeping the story interesting and a smooth read. Although Mcgill does an outstanding job with the writing of the story Chris K. Soentoiet really helps the reader feel like this is really happening. The illustrations are lifelike and made with very much detail. The time frame is very accurate as well as the interpretation is current. granted her freedom she started her own farm and married a slave. Being from England and marrying an African American was against the norm but Molly didn't care. With freedom comes individual choices. With the way McGill and Soentoiet work together makes this book one of a kind and is an instant favorite.

The author writes about how children see others differently but essentially we are all the same in a verse form. The perception is based from a child's perspective such as straight hair or curly hair. The illustrations depict the way children see each other. There is no stereotyping involved. The story focuses on everyone looking different but essentially we are all the same and enjoy being together. The details are understood. The words do not specify the different cultures but use characteristics to describe the differences such as light skin and dark skin. The pictures us the details to represent the different cultures. The details show an accurate way a child looks at others. Most children see others as different but that we are all essentially the same. The dialect is based on a child's. The language is portrayed accurately.
 * //Bein' with you this way// by W. Nikola-Lisa (TaraLynne Ribblett)**

**Social/Economic Diversity**
This is a story about a little girl who befriends an elderly woman. Throughout the summer, the little girl, Anne, keeps the elder lady company. The elderly lady, Mrs. Simpson, is very forgetful, but always enjoys spending time with Anne and showing her new fun things and tricks with her yo-yo. As you flip through the pages, you discover the mechanics of a unique friendship, such as one between a very young person and one who is very old. The culture is not portrayed multidimensionally because there is not a whole lot of sense of the characters' culture. Also, there are not many cultural details in this book, other than that Anne and Mrs. Simpson seem to live in a middle-class, friendly suburban area. The details about the social aspect of this book, however, are accurate. the friendship between the young girl and the old woman is realistic. They both learn from each other, the way grandkids learn from their grandparents, but also teach them new things. The language is used authentically because it appears to be written in Modern time, which goes with the copyright date. The old woman's language is slightly outdated, which supports the obvious fact that she grew up years ago. This story encourages children to help out the elderly in their neighborhood or even their grandparents. As a teacher, I would have my students write a reflection essay on their experience assisting the elderly.
 * //Loop the Loop//** by Barbara Dugan (Caitlin Schwatka)

This story is about a little girl named Anne who becomes friends with an elderly lady, Mrs. Simspon, over one summer. Even though Mrs. Simspon sometimes does not remember things well, she enjoys Anne's company. She teaches Anne many things, and one thing that stuck with Anne was the tricks she did with a yo-yo. Throughout the book it shows a relationship between two people with a large age difference. The author and illustrator presented a unique perspective of the situations and through their words and pictures, showed us what it would be like to be either Anne or Mrs. Simpson.The book does not seem to be portrayed in a multidimensional way when it comes to culture. There are not many details as to what the culture of the two are, it is more about the friendship between Anne and Mrs. Simpson. The social issues are naturally integrated and do not seemed forced. The relationship that occurs is similar to something of a grandparent and a granddaughter. The language is for the most part simple and plain. There are no parts in the book that show it being truely authentic. I would use this in my classroom by reading the book to the students, and then setting up a field trip to a nursing home so that the students can interact with the elderly people.
 * //Loop the Loop//** by Barbara Dugan (Alex Tierney)



**Gender Issues**
Amazing Grace By Mary Hoffman (Mary Ward) Amazing Grace is a story about a girl named Grace who is told by her classmates that she is incapable of getting the part of peter pan because she is African American and female. Despite their doubts, Grace is determined to get the part. The author and illustrator present ideas authentically. The author is female and may have been doubted at times when trying to achieve things typically meant for males, such as grace auditioning for the part of peter pan. Grace gets the part, despite her race and gender. This proves that gender is not a factor. If you want something badly enough, you are capable of achieving it. The illustration contain classmates of different races and genders.The gender and culture issues do not negatively impact the flow of the story. They are integrated into the plot nicely. For example, seeing the African American Juliet was just another event in the plot, but gave grace the courage to audition for peter pan.The book did not contain many factual details, however, discrimination due to gender is common today, and Amazing Grace addresses that.The language is standard and does not have many cultural influences.

The author maintains the mindset of the two male penguins being together and even whenever other penguins are "falling in love" between a girl and a boy penguin they still stick together and get their own egg to hatch to have a baby. The illustrations are also portrayed well while showing the two mal penguins together. The culture is portrayed multidimensionally because while it focuses on the two male penguins, it also shows how every other male penguin is with a female and having an egg to hatch into a baby penguin. The culture is naturally integrated in the flow of the story. The author says how the penguins are with their mates and shows how Roy and Silo get together. The details are accurate because it tells how penguins find their mate, and what all they do together. Along with the process of hatching a baby penguin. There isn't much dialogue in the story. To use this story in my own classroom I would have an open-ended response. The students can write how they feel and their own thoughts on Roy and Silo and having Tango.
 * And Tango Makes Three by Justin and Peter Parnell (Jane Woodside)**

This book is about a young boy, Ira, who struggles with the decision of whether or not to bring his teddy bear to a sleep over at his friends house. He contemplates the idea with his parents, his sister and even tries to ask his friend whose house he is staying at how he feels about sleeping with a teddy bear. His sister is the only one who tells him that he will be made fun of. That if he brings a teddy bear to a sleep over, he will be called a baby and a girl. Ira, did not want this to happen because he would be so embarrassed. After a night filled with ghost stories, games, and fun, Ira and his friend settle down in bed to tell ghost stories. Ira, and his friend both get very scared. Just then, Ira’s friend leaves because he has to get something. When he arrives back, he has a teddy bear with him to sleep with. Ira sees that it is okay to have a teddy bear to sleep with and that he will not be made fun of. So Ira goes to his house next door, and got his teddy bear to sleep with. This book is good for kids who maybe having trouble with gender issues. They don’t want to admit things that may seems to girly, or boyish to their friends who they just want to fit in with. I would use this book in a classroom to show that it is okay for boys to have teddy bears and that girls could play with fire trucks. The culture is portrayed through Ira’s eyes so there is not a lot of diversity. The details in the book are strong and to the point of how Ira is dealing with this dilemma.
 * Ira Sleeps Over by Bernard Waber ( Maeve Wilson)**